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IMF reform agenda good news for Asia – Adam Triggs

February 22, 2016

On February 4, International Monetary Fund (IMF) Managing Director Christine Lagarde warned that the global financial safety net – the international resources and institutions designated to fight economic crises and prevent contagion – has become too fragmented and asymmetric.

The safety net, she said, needs to be reformed and strengthened. Reforming the safety net would benefit the Asian region provided IMF takes a holistic approach that addresses the root causes of this fragmentation.

This requires a focus on increased and more permanent funding for IMF, better tailored financing facilities to meet the needs of Asian economies, a new phase of reforms to give Asian economies a greater voice in IMF, and better cooperation between IMF and regional financing arrangements.

The global financial safety net needs reform. It is too small, too fragmented and too unresponsive. It is too small because the size of the safety net has not kept up with the 25-fold increase in global capital flows from 1980 to 2007, or the US$25 trillion (RM105 trillion) increase in public debt among Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) economies since 2007.

It is too fragmented because of the significant growth in regional, bilateral and domestic arrangements that are increasingly decoupled from IMF. And it is too unresponsive because this fragmentation has reduced the safety net’s speed, flexibility, coverage and consistency in responding to crises.

These challenges are more apparent in Asia than anywhere else. While it is large compared to other regions, the safety net in Asia is highly fragmented and patchy in its coverage.

As of 2016, it consists of IMF, the Chiang Mai Initiative Multilateralisation (CMIM), the Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) currency reserve pool, bilateral currency swap lines, domestic foreign exchange reserves and, potentially, the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank — which provided liquidity support during the 1997 Asian financial crisis.

This fragmentation has increased the cost and reduced the efficiency of the safety net in Asia. Issuing high-yielding local currency debt to purchase foreign exchange reserves is a costly exercise — which, according to the Bank of England, results in an annual cost to emerging economies of around 0.5% of gross domestic product (GDP).

Bilateral swaps, while more flexible than institutional arrangements, are highly selective in terms of which countries receive them, raise moral hazard problems and are less effective when crises afflict multiple countries in the region.

Regional arrangements like the CMIM make imposing conditionality on neighbouring countries politically difficult. Their resource base is far narrower than global institutions, the cost of raising capital is greater, moral hazard is more perverse and their surveillance is less effective.

Addressing these challenges in Asia means focusing on the root causes of this fragmentation. One reason for the safety net’s fragmentation is the demand among Asian economies for instruments (like bilateral swaps), which have greater flexibility and speed in responding to crises.

IMF can help satisfy these demands and reduce reliance on domestic and bilateral alternatives by increasing the availability of precautionary financing instruments.

These allow countries to access IMF financing before a crisis has occurred and on more flexible terms than would otherwise be the case. Lagarde flagged this as an option in her recent speech. Strengthening precautionary financing instruments would build on IMF’s creation of the Precautionary and Liquidity Line in 2011.

Fragmentation is also the product of emerging economies wanting a greater say in how the safety net is governed. The 2010 IMF quota reforms transferred 6% of voting power to the emerging market economies. But these economies remain grossly underrepresented in IMF relative to their share of global GDP.

IMF needs to discuss the next stage of quota reform and complete other long-standing pledges. These include freeing-up additional seats on IMF Executive Board for the emerging market and developing economies, completing the 15th General Review of Quotas and reviewing the formula through which country quotas are determined.

Finally, fragmentation is also the consequence of the safety net being too small. In Europe, for example, the Greek bailout alone would have exhausted most of IMF’s forward commitment capacity, necessitating the creation of the European Financial Stability Fund.

Increased resources for the safety net should be housed within IMF and these resources need to be permanent, rather than temporary. In 2016 and 2017, a third of IMF’s temporary bilateral funding is set to expire.

These loans should be renewed to close this short-term funding gap, with a view to rolling these funds into permanent IMF quota increases in the medium-term.

But the regional and bilateral arrangements should not be discounted. They play an important and complementary role to IMF and are not going away anytime soon.

IMF needs to look at how it can better cooperate with these arrangements by setting-up guidelines before a crisis erupts to help steer how that cooperation would take place in the event of a crisis.

This is critical to the safety net’s ability to respond quickly, flexibily and consistently to crises and is key to promoting market confidence in the safety net.

While many of these measures are politically difficult, China’s presidency of the G20 this year offers an opportunity to take some incremental and pragmatic first steps.

IMF is due to report to G20 finance ministers in the coming months on the adequacy of the safety net. China must seize this opportunity to begin a conversation on these issues. – East Asia Forum, February 22, 2016.

* This is the personal opinion of the writer or publication and does not necessarily represent the views of The Malaysian Insider.